Table of Content
Chapter1
1.1- Fundamentals of life
1.2- Human relations with all living things
1.3- Using the scientific Process
1.4- Scientific studies and understandings
1.5- Responsibilities in science and society
Chapter 2
2.1- The foundation of life at it’s smallest
2.2- H2O’s importance
2.3- Molecules
2.4- Carbohydrates
2.5- Lipids
2.6- Proteins
2.7- Nucleic Acids
Chapter 3
3.1- A cell
3.2- Cell organization
3.3- Cellular wall
3.4- The Nucleus and protein production
3.5- Cytoskeleton and movement
3.6- Mitochondria
Chapter 4
4.1- Tissues
4.2- Connective tissue
4.3- Muscular tissue
4.4- Nervous tissue
4.5- Epithelial tissue
4.6- Cell junctions
4.7- Integumentary System
Chapter1
1.1- Fundamentals of life
1.2- Human relations with all living things
1.3- Using the scientific Process
1.4- Scientific studies and understandings
1.5- Responsibilities in science and society
Chapter 2
2.1- The foundation of life at it’s smallest
2.2- H2O’s importance
2.3- Molecules
2.4- Carbohydrates
2.5- Lipids
2.6- Proteins
2.7- Nucleic Acids
Chapter 3
3.1- A cell
3.2- Cell organization
3.3- Cellular wall
3.4- The Nucleus and protein production
3.5- Cytoskeleton and movement
3.6- Mitochondria
Chapter 4
4.1- Tissues
4.2- Connective tissue
4.3- Muscular tissue
4.4- Nervous tissue
4.5- Epithelial tissue
4.6- Cell junctions
4.7- Integumentary System
4.8- Organ System
4.9- Homeostasis
1.1
-Organisms on the plant share many commonalities, and have structure.
-The levels of structure are atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere.
- Organism characteristics are reproduction, growth, development, response to stimulation, have history and adapt to life.
1.2
- Living things are classified by their evolution
- Humans are in the Animalia kingdom
-Humans have developed advanced brains
- Stand up right
- Speak creative languages
- Use tools
- Humans have created a deep heritage and now affect the whole Biosphere.
- Humans need to take care of the biosphere and their mark upon it.
- Humans depend on the biosphere
1.3
- Knowing how to take care of the biosphere takes information
- Information of the natural world is gathered with the scientific process.
- Scientific Process is making and observation, forming a hypothesis, experimenting, and observing. Then making a conclusion, and writing a scientific theory.
- Controlled studies use the experiment of placing subjects under the same treatment, but a portion of the group is not actually exposed to the variable. Once the study is complete the finding are published in a scientific journal.
1.4
- Not all date has true outcomes.
- Anecdotal and Correlation data has small support and needs more data.
- The use of statistical date tells us how trustworthy results of a study are.
1.5
- Scientific information is based off of studies that are observed and experiments that lead to theories.
- The general society needs to comprehend these studies and come to their own feelings.
- Now that technology is advancing and become more apart of the world, one need to understand and study to come to decisions on its use.
2.1
- Matter takes up space and has mass.
- Matter can be in 3 forms, solid, liquid, or a gas.
-Elements have one type of atom.
- Elements can’t be broken down.
-Atoms have weight, that weight is based on the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
- Atoms react to each other and form ionic bonds and covalent bonds.
2.2
- At room tempature water is a liquid.
- During heating or freezing process water is slow to change tempature allowing more consistency between changes.
- Water is the universal solvent due to its polarity
- Water has a natural pH, acids and bases change the pH of water.
-Organisms on the plant share many commonalities, and have structure.
-The levels of structure are atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere.
- Organism characteristics are reproduction, growth, development, response to stimulation, have history and adapt to life.
1.2
- Living things are classified by their evolution
- Humans are in the Animalia kingdom
-Humans have developed advanced brains
- Stand up right
- Speak creative languages
- Use tools
- Humans have created a deep heritage and now affect the whole Biosphere.
- Humans need to take care of the biosphere and their mark upon it.
- Humans depend on the biosphere
1.3
- Knowing how to take care of the biosphere takes information
- Information of the natural world is gathered with the scientific process.
- Scientific Process is making and observation, forming a hypothesis, experimenting, and observing. Then making a conclusion, and writing a scientific theory.
- Controlled studies use the experiment of placing subjects under the same treatment, but a portion of the group is not actually exposed to the variable. Once the study is complete the finding are published in a scientific journal.
1.4
- Not all date has true outcomes.
- Anecdotal and Correlation data has small support and needs more data.
- The use of statistical date tells us how trustworthy results of a study are.
1.5
- Scientific information is based off of studies that are observed and experiments that lead to theories.
- The general society needs to comprehend these studies and come to their own feelings.
- Now that technology is advancing and become more apart of the world, one need to understand and study to come to decisions on its use.
2.1
- Matter takes up space and has mass.
- Matter can be in 3 forms, solid, liquid, or a gas.
-Elements have one type of atom.
- Elements can’t be broken down.
-Atoms have weight, that weight is based on the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
- Atoms react to each other and form ionic bonds and covalent bonds.
2.2
- At room tempature water is a liquid.
- During heating or freezing process water is slow to change tempature allowing more consistency between changes.
- Water is the universal solvent due to its polarity
- Water has a natural pH, acids and bases change the pH of water.
2.3
- Molecules that sustain life are Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.
2.4
- Carbohydrates can be simple or complex.
- Simple Carbohydrates are monosaccharide or disaccharide.
- Complex Carbohydrates are polysaccharides
- These carbohydrates are what glucose is created from.
- Plants store glucose as cellulose and human digestive system can’t break it down.
- Animals store glucose as glycogen.
2.5
- Lipids are stored for long term energy.
- Fats and oils are broken down into fatty acids.
- Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated.
- Cellular wall are made of phospholipids this allows for molecules to move in and out of the cell.
2.6
- Proteins are important in the structure of cells
- Proteins have many jobs accounting for movement muscle contraction transport of molecules in blood.
- Protein is macromolecules and is essential to life.
2.7
- Nucleic acids or DNA, RNA.
- DNA is double stranded and forms a helix
- RNA is not formed in a helix
- ATP is an energy molecule
- Molecules that sustain life are Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.
2.4
- Carbohydrates can be simple or complex.
- Simple Carbohydrates are monosaccharide or disaccharide.
- Complex Carbohydrates are polysaccharides
- These carbohydrates are what glucose is created from.
- Plants store glucose as cellulose and human digestive system can’t break it down.
- Animals store glucose as glycogen.
2.5
- Lipids are stored for long term energy.
- Fats and oils are broken down into fatty acids.
- Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated.
- Cellular wall are made of phospholipids this allows for molecules to move in and out of the cell.
2.6
- Proteins are important in the structure of cells
- Proteins have many jobs accounting for movement muscle contraction transport of molecules in blood.
- Protein is macromolecules and is essential to life.
2.7
- Nucleic acids or DNA, RNA.
- DNA is double stranded and forms a helix
- RNA is not formed in a helix
- ATP is an energy molecule
3.1
- Cells are the basic units of life.
3.2
- Cells have a structure of a plasma membrane and a central nucleus.
- Cytoplasm fills the cell and organelles move in the cytoplasm do the specific jobs.
- Organelles in the cell are Mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, vesicle, lysosome, centrioles.
3.3
- The Plasma membrane regulates the passage of molecule in and out of the cell.
- Passage of molecules can be passive or active.
- Passive requires no energy.
- Active requires energy
3.4
- Nucleus houses the cells DNA and produces RNA
- Nucleus chromatin condenses and become chromosomes at cell division
3.5
- The cytoskeleton uses microtubules and actin filaments to hold its structure
- The cilia and flagella on the outside move and propel the cell.
3.6
- Mitochondria have evolved to give respirations to the cell, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
- During this respiration the mitochondria create energy in the form of ATP.
- Cells are the basic units of life.
3.2
- Cells have a structure of a plasma membrane and a central nucleus.
- Cytoplasm fills the cell and organelles move in the cytoplasm do the specific jobs.
- Organelles in the cell are Mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, vesicle, lysosome, centrioles.
3.3
- The Plasma membrane regulates the passage of molecule in and out of the cell.
- Passage of molecules can be passive or active.
- Passive requires no energy.
- Active requires energy
3.4
- Nucleus houses the cells DNA and produces RNA
- Nucleus chromatin condenses and become chromosomes at cell division
3.5
- The cytoskeleton uses microtubules and actin filaments to hold its structure
- The cilia and flagella on the outside move and propel the cell.
3.6
- Mitochondria have evolved to give respirations to the cell, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
- During this respiration the mitochondria create energy in the form of ATP.
4.1
- Four group of tissues
- Connective, Muscular, Nervous, Epithelial.
4.2
- Connective tissue comes in four groups.
- Loose fibrous, adipose tissue.
- Dense fibrous, tendons and ligaments.
- Cartilage and bone.
- Blood.
4.3
- Muscular tissue comes in three groups.
- Skeletal, smooth, cardiac.
- Cardiac and skeletal are striated.
- Cardiac and smooth are involuntary.
- Skeletal muscle attach to bone.
-Smooth muscle makes up internal organs.
- Cardiac muscle makes up the heart.
4.4
- Nervous tissue is composed of neurons
- Each neuron consists of dendrites, cell body, Axon, and conduct impulses.
4.5
- Epithelial tissue covers the body
- Types are Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar.
4.6
- Cell junctions have three types
- Tight junctions fasten cells.
- Adhesion junctions allow cells to stretch and bend when together.
- Gap junctions allow molecules and signals to pass between cells.
4.7
- Integumentary system consists of skin and its accessory organs.
- Skin has two regions.
- Epidermis exposed
- Dermis internal
- Subcutaneous internal
4.8
- Different organs create the systems and can be found in different locations.
- Organs work and survive together as a system
4.9
- That system need to be in homeostasis for survival.
- Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the internal enviorment.
- Four group of tissues
- Connective, Muscular, Nervous, Epithelial.
4.2
- Connective tissue comes in four groups.
- Loose fibrous, adipose tissue.
- Dense fibrous, tendons and ligaments.
- Cartilage and bone.
- Blood.
4.3
- Muscular tissue comes in three groups.
- Skeletal, smooth, cardiac.
- Cardiac and skeletal are striated.
- Cardiac and smooth are involuntary.
- Skeletal muscle attach to bone.
-Smooth muscle makes up internal organs.
- Cardiac muscle makes up the heart.
4.4
- Nervous tissue is composed of neurons
- Each neuron consists of dendrites, cell body, Axon, and conduct impulses.
4.5
- Epithelial tissue covers the body
- Types are Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar.
4.6
- Cell junctions have three types
- Tight junctions fasten cells.
- Adhesion junctions allow cells to stretch and bend when together.
- Gap junctions allow molecules and signals to pass between cells.
4.7
- Integumentary system consists of skin and its accessory organs.
- Skin has two regions.
- Epidermis exposed
- Dermis internal
- Subcutaneous internal
4.8
- Different organs create the systems and can be found in different locations.
- Organs work and survive together as a system
4.9
- That system need to be in homeostasis for survival.
- Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the internal enviorment.
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