SEE COURSE EVALUATION IN BIO 156 FORUM
THANKS FOR THE GREAT LESSONS!
Friday, July 11, 2008
ETHICAL ISSUE FOR UNIT III
With the cultural trend that we have in present day America the health of the people has been fall drastically. The lazy and easiest ways to get something done is what the people like and it is starting to show in their appearance. The only healthy people are the one that either care about their health or about their appearance. The poor health in our schools and career working class is horrible compare to other parts of the world. Why it is the land of opportunity has no desire to stay in shape. I feel that there are many reasons but the two that stick out to me are simple. The is not enough time to take care of your health when your chasing after the almighty dollar. People just have not come to like the feel of a good burn in their muscles and with out seeing results they give up.
The burden of making a living in today’s economy has got people working to the bone, they long work days behind a desk can wear on the body, but no one is fixing it. People like the easy way to go about things and getting some good exercise in just doesn’t fit into their schedule. The diet part of the picture is the same way. It is a lot easier to grab a quick bite to eat at the fast food joint then to plan a couple of meals for the day. It takes some time to go to the store and shop for food, and it is less of hassles to have someone else prepare it for you to. The chances of getting to the gym or going for a work after a long day in the office are slim to none. Most people are just too tired or unmotivated to go get some exercise. Not only that but there are other interest that people have that pay more to their happiness then pumping iron or running. Gee x box or a two mile walk. Let go with the fantasy world were I can be a hero and hard body.
The second fact is when people do go out and get some exercise; it just doesn’t happen over night. It takes time and effort to drop those pounds and when you’re not seeing results that you like you get discouraged. The fact that to build muscle you have to break it down, which is painful and uncomfortable is a big deterrent. I only know a few that get a kick out of the constant pain of building up sore muscles. There are a lot of people that try to walk or go to the gym but it always seems to turn into a social experience. It is more fun to talk to someone about how you’re getting in shape than to actually do it. All in all the mind set is not to work for something like good health but to hope it gets handed to you.
The health of the country is down and the easy life style is up. People like to have the lazy way of doing thing at their finger tips. If you can go out and make money then you focus on that instead of your health. I feel that there is going to be a change in the future of health, but it will take work and that might not be something people want to put the effort into. It is a shame that more people don’t get exercise but then again when it comes down to the survival of the fittest they won’t make it. It’s probably better that way.
The burden of making a living in today’s economy has got people working to the bone, they long work days behind a desk can wear on the body, but no one is fixing it. People like the easy way to go about things and getting some good exercise in just doesn’t fit into their schedule. The diet part of the picture is the same way. It is a lot easier to grab a quick bite to eat at the fast food joint then to plan a couple of meals for the day. It takes some time to go to the store and shop for food, and it is less of hassles to have someone else prepare it for you to. The chances of getting to the gym or going for a work after a long day in the office are slim to none. Most people are just too tired or unmotivated to go get some exercise. Not only that but there are other interest that people have that pay more to their happiness then pumping iron or running. Gee x box or a two mile walk. Let go with the fantasy world were I can be a hero and hard body.
The second fact is when people do go out and get some exercise; it just doesn’t happen over night. It takes time and effort to drop those pounds and when you’re not seeing results that you like you get discouraged. The fact that to build muscle you have to break it down, which is painful and uncomfortable is a big deterrent. I only know a few that get a kick out of the constant pain of building up sore muscles. There are a lot of people that try to walk or go to the gym but it always seems to turn into a social experience. It is more fun to talk to someone about how you’re getting in shape than to actually do it. All in all the mind set is not to work for something like good health but to hope it gets handed to you.
The health of the country is down and the easy life style is up. People like to have the lazy way of doing thing at their finger tips. If you can go out and make money then you focus on that instead of your health. I feel that there is going to be a change in the future of health, but it will take work and that might not be something people want to put the effort into. It is a shame that more people don’t get exercise but then again when it comes down to the survival of the fittest they won’t make it. It’s probably better that way.
Lab Project Unit 3 - Model of Human Limb
For this lab on building a working limb, I used house hold items that fit into my budget. The objective of this lab is to show the viewers how the human muscles work to move the body. This lab will explain the tissues, cells and nervous system of the human arm muscles and what goes on to make them move. 
The limb that I constructed is the human arm. The arm is to scale of an adult and consist of a one upper and lower skeletal bone and two muscles that will move it. The bones are made of extensions tubes off of a shop vacuum, and the muscles are rubber bands from my home gym. I used white tape to show how the muscle tissues are connected to the bones with tendons. The elbow joint is the end of a rubber hammer that was placed together with a vacuum tip, making a perfect hinge joint. The Red rubber band represents the bicep muscle and the green band represents the triceps muscle. When the red band is contracted the arm bends together. With the green band contracting and the red band relaxing the arm straightens out again. The hinge joint makes for a smooth movement and supports the two bones represented by the vacuum tubes. 
At the cellular level I have made the basics of the muscle fiber and how the muscle contracts. I also show how the nerve impulses travel and how the signal is sent to the muscle cell using action potential. To start off I made two slides of sacomeres, one in a relaxed state and another in a contracted state of position. Continuing to get smaller in scale I show the muscle fiber and how the Axon connects to the fiber so impulses can be sent.
The impulses are sent by way of the neurons down to the muscle fibers, so I made actual neurons and its working parts. The impulse travel at high rates of speed to create responses and for the neurons to do this they use action Potential. I used my neurons to show its axon and how action potential travels so fast. Using the body’s sodium, potassium pump the positive and negative charges of the axon are change and the impulse travel by skipping over the myelin sheath which is called the salutatory propagation of action potential. Finally I made a slide and all of the part of the synaptic cleft of the muscle fibers. In this slide it shows how acetylcholine is used to pass the impulse at the synapse of the muscle fibers. 
The impulses are sent by way of the neurons down to the muscle fibers, so I made actual neurons and its working parts. The impulse travel at high rates of speed to create responses and for the neurons to do this they use action Potential. I used my neurons to show its axon and how action potential travels so fast. Using the body’s sodium, potassium pump the positive and negative charges of the axon are change and the impulse travel by skipping over the myelin sheath which is called the salutatory propagation of action potential. Finally I made a slide and all of the part of the synaptic cleft of the muscle fibers. In this slide it shows how acetylcholine is used to pass the impulse at the synapse of the muscle fibers. 
In summary the models I have created show from the cellular level to the actual action of the human muscles contracting and relaxing. The over all lab was fun and made me understand the concept of our bodies movement from the cellular level up to the actual muscle tissue.
Movement - Compendium 6
Table of Content
Muscle
Muscle tissue types
Skeletal muscles
Skeletal Muscles in detail.
Layers
Cellular anatomy
Myofilaments
Contraction of the Muscle
Neuromuscular junction
Synaptic knob
Action Potential Sequence
Release of ACh
Binding of ACh
Conduction of action potentials
Bone Types
Osseous tissue
Calcium phosphate
Osteocytes
Osteclasts
Osteoblasts
Bone Growth & Repair
Remodeling
Calcium
Fracture repair
Muscles
Types of muscle tissue:
Skeletal- Muscles attaching to bones directly or indirectly, and are used to produce voluntary skeletal movement.
Cardiac- Involuntary muscle and only found in the heart.
Smooth muscle- Involuntary muscle and found in walls of organs.
Skeletal Muscles in detail.
Muscle layers consist of endomysium covering fibers.
Perimysium is the sheathing of the muscle.
Epimysium covers or is outer layer of muscle.
At the end of the muscle is a tendon connecting to bones.
Muscle cells have a sarcolemma which form T tubules and touch the sarcoplasmic reticulum which store calcium ions.
Myofilaments make up the contracting parts of the muscle fiber.
The thin filament (actin) and a thick filament (myosin).
Contraction of the Muscle
Neuromuscular Junction are were the impulses link between electrical activity in the sarcolemma and the initiation of a contraction of the muscle units.
Synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, and motor end plate are part of this junction.
Action Potential Sequence
Impulses at synaptic knob release ACh into synaptic cleft. The ACh binds at the motor plate. The permeability of the membrane is changed to sodium ions.
This conduction of action potentials by the sacrolemma: This triggers a sudden release of calcium ions causing a contraction.
Bones Types
Osseous -Supports connective tissue contains specialized cells, extra cellular fibers, and ground substances.
Calcium Phosphate accounts for majority of bone weight
Osteocytes -Mature bone cells that recycle calcium and assists with bone repairs.
Osteoclasts- Giant cells; helps regulate calcium and phosphate concentrations in the body’s fluid.
Osteblasts- Cells responsible for the production of new bone.
Bone Growth & Repair
Organic and mineral components of bone are continuously recycled and renewed.
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. 99% is located in the skeleton, which acts as a calcium reserve for the body.
Fracture repair involves the formation of a fracture hematoma, and then slow calcium build up and bone growth.
Aging factors of the skeleton can include osteopenia and osteoporosis.
Muscle
Muscle tissue types
Skeletal muscles
Skeletal Muscles in detail.
Layers
Cellular anatomy
Myofilaments
Contraction of the Muscle
Neuromuscular junction
Synaptic knob
Action Potential Sequence
Release of ACh
Binding of ACh
Conduction of action potentials
Bone Types
Osseous tissue
Calcium phosphate
Osteocytes
Osteclasts
Osteoblasts
Bone Growth & Repair
Remodeling
Calcium
Fracture repair
Muscles
Types of muscle tissue:
Skeletal- Muscles attaching to bones directly or indirectly, and are used to produce voluntary skeletal movement.
Cardiac- Involuntary muscle and only found in the heart.
Smooth muscle- Involuntary muscle and found in walls of organs.
Skeletal Muscles in detail.
Muscle layers consist of endomysium covering fibers.
Perimysium is the sheathing of the muscle.
Epimysium covers or is outer layer of muscle.
At the end of the muscle is a tendon connecting to bones.
Muscle cells have a sarcolemma which form T tubules and touch the sarcoplasmic reticulum which store calcium ions.
Myofilaments make up the contracting parts of the muscle fiber.
The thin filament (actin) and a thick filament (myosin).
Contraction of the Muscle
Neuromuscular Junction are were the impulses link between electrical activity in the sarcolemma and the initiation of a contraction of the muscle units.
Synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, and motor end plate are part of this junction.
Action Potential Sequence
Impulses at synaptic knob release ACh into synaptic cleft. The ACh binds at the motor plate. The permeability of the membrane is changed to sodium ions.
This conduction of action potentials by the sacrolemma: This triggers a sudden release of calcium ions causing a contraction.
Bones Types
Osseous -Supports connective tissue contains specialized cells, extra cellular fibers, and ground substances.
Calcium Phosphate accounts for majority of bone weight
Osteocytes -Mature bone cells that recycle calcium and assists with bone repairs.
Osteoclasts- Giant cells; helps regulate calcium and phosphate concentrations in the body’s fluid.
Osteblasts- Cells responsible for the production of new bone.
Bone Growth & Repair
Organic and mineral components of bone are continuously recycled and renewed.
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. 99% is located in the skeleton, which acts as a calcium reserve for the body.
Fracture repair involves the formation of a fracture hematoma, and then slow calcium build up and bone growth.
Aging factors of the skeleton can include osteopenia and osteoporosis.
Muscle Function: Online Lab
The first part of the muscle function lab I had to what effects Ice cold H2O had on my muscles. To do this I made an ice bath in a bucket of water. The first set of fists that I made was at normal room temperature. I then submerge my hand in to the bucket of ice and let it sit for one minute. The results were a little different then I thought.
Room temperature- 47
One minute in Ice Bath- 32
The second part of the lab was making the same fist but I recorded what my fatigue was over ten sets. This time I was more on with my hypothesis. I knew that I would get fatigued and felt that amount to times I could make a fist would get smaller with each set.
1. 46
2. 54
3. 48
4. 40
5. 38
6. 35
7. 33
8. 37
9. 28
10. 23
What are the three changes you observed in a muscle while it is working (contracted)?
1- My muscles became weaker and fatigued with each set.
2- I noticed my veins getting larger and bulging.
3- I also felt tightness in my joints slowing down the squeezing.
What effect did the cold temperature have on the action of your hand muscles? Explain.
The Ice bath had an effect of slowing down the cellular metabolism and thus my fist became weak and slow. With the vasoconstriction from the cold along with the tightness of my joints it was very hard and I had to push myself. I think a lot of this lab has to do with your mind set, and you can overcome the fatigue and weakness to a point.
Room temperature- 47
One minute in Ice Bath- 32
The second part of the lab was making the same fist but I recorded what my fatigue was over ten sets. This time I was more on with my hypothesis. I knew that I would get fatigued and felt that amount to times I could make a fist would get smaller with each set.
1. 46
2. 54
3. 48
4. 40
5. 38
6. 35
7. 33
8. 37
9. 28
10. 23
What are the three changes you observed in a muscle while it is working (contracted)?
1- My muscles became weaker and fatigued with each set.
2- I noticed my veins getting larger and bulging.
3- I also felt tightness in my joints slowing down the squeezing.
What effect did the cold temperature have on the action of your hand muscles? Explain.
The Ice bath had an effect of slowing down the cellular metabolism and thus my fist became weak and slow. With the vasoconstriction from the cold along with the tightness of my joints it was very hard and I had to push myself. I think a lot of this lab has to do with your mind set, and you can overcome the fatigue and weakness to a point.
Nervous Function - Compendium 5
Table of Content
Nervous System
Nervous system X 2
Nervous system functions
Neuron Body
Neurons
Axon
Dendrites
Types of neurons
Sensory
Motor
Impulse
Action Potential picture of nervous system
Resting Potential
Synapse
CNS
Spinal cord
Brain
PNS
Somatic system
Autonomic system
Sensation Response
Sensory receptors
Senses
Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS) - The brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - The nerves connecting tissues to CNS, Impulse relay.
Neurons and Neuralgia make up nervous tissue.
Neurons transmit impulses
Neuralgia support neurons
Neuron Body
Neurons- Nervous system cells that transmit impulses between one and other.
Axon- Conducts nerve impulses within Myelin Sheath, or nerve fiber. Dendrites- Extensions connecting to other cells, either neurons or tissue cells. Send signals between CNS and tissues.
Types of Neurons
Sensory Neurons- Relay impulses from sensory receptor to the CNS.
Motor Neurons- Relay impulses away from CNS to tissues or glands creating a response.
Impulses
Action Potential- Na and K pump change in polarity across an axonal membrane as the nerve impulse occurs, in an "all or none" manner.
Resting Potential- the Axon is not using Na and K pump to conducting an impulse. The inside of the neuron is more negative (polarity) than the outside of the neuron.
Synapse- the Dendrite terminal or cell body of a neuron conducts at this point. This point of communication between the two neurons uses neurotransmitters that are stored in the synaptic vesicles.
CNS
Spinal cord- Center of spinal column and serves as a "highway" for all communications.
Brain- Computes impulses and determines the response send back information for response.
PNS
Somatic system- Skin tissue, skeletal tissue, and tendons that receive information from an external sensory receptor. The information is transmitted to the CNS.
Autonomic system- Automatically controls cardiac, smooth muscles, and glands. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Sensation Response
Sensory receptors respond to our environment
Sensory receptor cells trigger action potential
Using taste, smell, vision, hearing, and equilibrium sensory receptors transmit impulses to CNS.
Nervous System
Nervous system X 2
Nervous system functions
Neuron Body
Neurons
Axon
Dendrites
Types of neurons
Sensory
Motor
Impulse
Action Potential picture of nervous system
Resting Potential
Synapse
CNS
Spinal cord
Brain
PNS
Somatic system
Autonomic system
Sensation Response
Sensory receptors
Senses
Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS) - The brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - The nerves connecting tissues to CNS, Impulse relay.
Neurons and Neuralgia make up nervous tissue.
Neurons transmit impulses
Neuralgia support neurons
Neuron Body
Neurons- Nervous system cells that transmit impulses between one and other.
Axon- Conducts nerve impulses within Myelin Sheath, or nerve fiber. Dendrites- Extensions connecting to other cells, either neurons or tissue cells. Send signals between CNS and tissues.
Types of Neurons
Sensory Neurons- Relay impulses from sensory receptor to the CNS.
Motor Neurons- Relay impulses away from CNS to tissues or glands creating a response.
Impulses
Action Potential- Na and K pump change in polarity across an axonal membrane as the nerve impulse occurs, in an "all or none" manner.
Resting Potential- the Axon is not using Na and K pump to conducting an impulse. The inside of the neuron is more negative (polarity) than the outside of the neuron.
Synapse- the Dendrite terminal or cell body of a neuron conducts at this point. This point of communication between the two neurons uses neurotransmitters that are stored in the synaptic vesicles.
CNS
Spinal cord- Center of spinal column and serves as a "highway" for all communications.
Brain- Computes impulses and determines the response send back information for response.
PNS
Somatic system- Skin tissue, skeletal tissue, and tendons that receive information from an external sensory receptor. The information is transmitted to the CNS.
Autonomic system- Automatically controls cardiac, smooth muscles, and glands. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Sensation Response
Sensory receptors respond to our environment
Sensory receptor cells trigger action potential
Using taste, smell, vision, hearing, and equilibrium sensory receptors transmit impulses to CNS.
Leech Neurons Online Lab
What is the electrode measuring?
The electrode is measuring the membrane potential.
Why use leeches in neurophysiology experiments?
Leeches have large neurons that are easier to work with and they are just leeches.
What is the difference between a sensory and a motor neuron?
Motor Neurons receive impulses from CNS, and Sensory Neurons send impulses to the CNS.
Do you think a leech experiences pain? What is pain?
They should feel a sensation of some kind, but it is unknown at what level. Pain can be felt only with a conscious mind I feel.
What were the two most interesting things about doing this lab?
The level of science that we have gone to with regards to how it builds on one experiment after another, second the electrical stimulation of chemicals in the neurons is pretty cool.
Anything you found confusing or didn't like about the lab?
There wasn’t anything confusing just how different it might be in real life, not in the digital world.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
